The relationship among perceived export barriers, firm characteristics and export market selection of ASEAN+3 from export SMEs: The case of agricultural export firms
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper examines the model to generalize the relationship among Vietnamese small and medium sized enterprises perceived internal and external export barriers, firm characteristics and market selection of Asean+3 (ASEAN, Japan, Korea, China). The paper was tested for the case of agricultural products exporters. The suggested research model is based on the studies of Vida and Fairhurst (1998), Koch (2001). This paper was conducted through the qualitative steps to adjust the scales, quantitative pilot test, and quantitative final test. Data was collected from 218 small and medium-sized enterprises exporting agricultural products in Ho Chi Minh City, some eastern, southwestern, and highland provinces, and was tested by Smart PLS. The results show that there was a negative relationship between perceived internal export barriers and export market selection of Asen+3, there was not any relationship among firm characteristics, perceived internal, external export barriers ,and export market selection. In addition, the results also show that there were differences in some model relationships among enterprises in different geographical areas, size, export experience, export method, and export market selection. Based on the results, the paper leads to some policy implications for the government as well as enterprises to support Vietnamese small and medium sized enterprises to overcome export barriers to export agricultural products to Asean+3.
Article Details
Keywords
Agricultural products, Asean 3 market, Perceived export barriers
References
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Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., & Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalisation in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 188-211. doi:10.1108/02634501211211975.
Arteaga‐Ortiz, J., & Fernández‐Ortiz, R. (2010). Why Don't We Use the Same Export Barrier Measurement Scale? An Empirical Analysis in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420.
Aulakh, P. S., Kotabe, M., & Teegen, H. (2000). Export Strategies and Performance of Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Academy Of Management Journal, 43(3), 342-361.
Ayob, A. H., & Senik, Z. C. (2015). The role of competitive strategies on export market selection by SMEs in an emerging economy. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 14(2), 208-225.
Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (2004). Why Some Firms Export. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
Bộ Công Thương (2018). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2017. Truy cập ngày 27/6/2018, từ https://www.moit.gov.vn/documents/36315/0/bc+xnk+2017.pdf/894ffcf3-8663-4ee5-ab74-635e330ebb06.
Bộ Công Thương (2019). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2018. Truy cập ngày 27/6/2018, từ https://moit.gov.vn/documents/40266/0/Bao+cao+Xuat+nhap+khau+Viet+Nam+2018.pdf/7f1254e3-a1e3-4e90-b050-b8fd9c5b30f0.
Bộ Công Thương (2020). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2019. Truy cập ngày 26/5/2019, từ https://congthuong.vn/stores/customer_file/phuonglan/042020/24/Noi_dung_sach_Bao_cao_XNK_2019.pdf.
Calantone, R. J., Kim, D., Schmidt, J. B., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2006). The influence ofinternal and external firm factors on international product adaptation strategy and export performance: A three-country comparison. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 176–185.
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Ventures. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21.
Chính phủ. (2018). Nghị định số 39/2018/NĐ-CP của Chính phủ quy định chi tiết một số điều của Luật Hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa, ban hành ngày 11/3/2018.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Crick, D., Al Obaidi, M., & Chaudhry, S. (1998). Perceived obstacles of Saudi- Arabian exporters of non-oil products. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 4, 187–199.
Da Silva, P., & Da Rocha, A. (2001). Perception of export barriers to Mercosur by Brazilian firms. International Marketing Review, 18(6), 589–611.
Deakins, D., Battisti, M., Perry, M., & Crick, D. (2013). Understanding Internationalisation Behaviour. New Zealand Centre for SME Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effects model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101–107.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hollensen, S. (2012). Essentials of Global Marketing, 2nd ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Jalali, S. H. (2012). Export Barriers and Export Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Commercial Relationship. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1(33), 53–66.
Jauhari, V. (2007). Analysing Export Intensity of the Select Electronics Firms in India. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), 379–396.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm--A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies (pre-1986), 8(1), 23-32.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The mechanism of internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24.
Julian, C. C. (2003). Export marketing performance: a study of Thailand firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(2), 213-221.
Kahiya, E. T., & Dean, D. L. (2015). Export barriers and business confidence: A quasi- longitudinal examination. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 294-323.
Karelakis, C., Mattas, K., & Chryssochoidis, G. (2008). Export problems perceptions and clustering of Greek wine firms. EuroMed Journal of Business, 3(1), 6-22.
Katsikeas, C. S., & Morgan, R. E. (1994). Differences in Perceptions of Exporting Problems Based on Firm Size and Export Market Experience. European Journal of Marketing, 28(5),17-35.
Koch, A. J. (2001). Factors influencing market and entry mode selection: developing the MEMS model. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19(5), 350–362.
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation & Integration. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston.
Leonidou, L. C. (1995). Export Barriers: Non-Exporters’ Perceptions. International Marketing Review, 12(1), 4-25.
Leonidou, L. C., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1996). The export development process: An integrative review of empirical models. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(3), 517-551.
Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00112.
Lê Tấn Bửu & Mai Xuân Đào (2020). Tác động của nhận thức về động cơ xuất khẩu đến lựa chọn thị trường ASEAN+ 3 để xuất khẩu nông sản của các doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa Việt Nam. Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính-Marketing, (55). https://doi.org/10.52932/jfm.vi55.86
Maharajh, L., & Heitmeyer, J. (2005). Factors that impact United States retailers' expansion into the international marketplace. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 9(2),144 – 155.
Majocchi, A., Bacchiocchi, E., & Mayrhofer, U. (2005). Firm Size, Business Experience and Export Intensity in SMEs: A Longitudinal Approach to Complex Relationships. International Business Review, 14(6), 719–738.
Milanzi, M. (2012). The Impact of Barriers on Export Behavior of a Developing Country Firms: Evidence from Tanzania. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(3), 10–22.
Natalia, V. L. (2013). Barriers to export: the power of organisational factors. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 23(2), 136-147. doi: 10.1108/10569211311324920.
Papadopoulos, N., & Denis, J. E. (1988). Inventory, taxonomy and assessment of methods for international market selection. International Marketing Review, 5(3), 38–51.
Pla-Barber, J., & Alegre, J. (2007). Analysing the Link between Export Intensity, Innovation and Firm Size in a Science-based Industry. International Business Review, 16(3), 275–293.
Radojevic P. D., Marjanovic, D., & Radovanov, T. (2014). The Impact of Firms’ Characteristics on Export Barriers’ Perception: A Case of Serbian Exporters. Prague Economic Papers, 23(4), 426-445. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.492.
Shaw, V., & Darroch, J. (2004). Barriers to internationalization: a study of entrepreneurial new ventures in New Zealand. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 327-343.
Stoian, M. C., Rialp, A., & Rialp, J. (2011). Export Performance under the Microscope: A Glance through Spanish Lenses. International Business Review, 20(2), 117–135.
Suarez-Ortega, S. (2003). Export Barriers: Insights from Small and Medium-sized Firms. International Small Business Journal, 21(4), 403-419.
Tổng cục thống kê (2019). Thông cáo báo chí kết quả tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019. Truy cập ngày 26/1/2020, từ https://www.gso.gov.vn/su-kien/2019/12/thong-cao-bao-chi-ket-qua-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/.
Vida, I., & Fairhurst, A. (1998). International expansion of retail firms: A theoretical approach for future investigations. Journal of Retail and Consumer Service, 5(3), 143-151.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wijayarathne, J. M. D. S., & Perera, M. P. S. R. (2018). Sri Lankan SMEs and Perceived Export Barriers: Evidence from Manufacturing Sector. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 7(3), 1-10.
Yannopoulos, P., & Kefalaki, M. (2010). Export Barriers Facing Canadian SMEs: The Role of Mental Models. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 5(2), 54–68.
Zhengzhe, H. (2009). Export barriers to the Chinese market: Insights from British Columbia Forest products firms. Master of Arts thesis, The University of Northern British Columbia.
Zou, S., & Stan, S. (1998). The determinants of export performance: a review of the empirical literature between 1987 and 1997. International Marketing Review, 15(5), 333–356.
Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., & Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalisation in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 188-211. doi:10.1108/02634501211211975.
Arteaga‐Ortiz, J., & Fernández‐Ortiz, R. (2010). Why Don't We Use the Same Export Barrier Measurement Scale? An Empirical Analysis in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420.
Aulakh, P. S., Kotabe, M., & Teegen, H. (2000). Export Strategies and Performance of Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Academy Of Management Journal, 43(3), 342-361.
Ayob, A. H., & Senik, Z. C. (2015). The role of competitive strategies on export market selection by SMEs in an emerging economy. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 14(2), 208-225.
Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (2004). Why Some Firms Export. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
Bộ Công Thương (2018). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2017. Truy cập ngày 27/6/2018, từ https://www.moit.gov.vn/documents/36315/0/bc+xnk+2017.pdf/894ffcf3-8663-4ee5-ab74-635e330ebb06.
Bộ Công Thương (2019). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2018. Truy cập ngày 27/6/2018, từ https://moit.gov.vn/documents/40266/0/Bao+cao+Xuat+nhap+khau+Viet+Nam+2018.pdf/7f1254e3-a1e3-4e90-b050-b8fd9c5b30f0.
Bộ Công Thương (2020). Báo cáo xuất nhập khẩu Việt Nam 2019. Truy cập ngày 26/5/2019, từ https://congthuong.vn/stores/customer_file/phuonglan/042020/24/Noi_dung_sach_Bao_cao_XNK_2019.pdf.
Calantone, R. J., Kim, D., Schmidt, J. B., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2006). The influence ofinternal and external firm factors on international product adaptation strategy and export performance: A three-country comparison. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 176–185.
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Ventures. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21.
Chính phủ. (2018). Nghị định số 39/2018/NĐ-CP của Chính phủ quy định chi tiết một số điều của Luật Hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa, ban hành ngày 11/3/2018.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Crick, D., Al Obaidi, M., & Chaudhry, S. (1998). Perceived obstacles of Saudi- Arabian exporters of non-oil products. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 4, 187–199.
Da Silva, P., & Da Rocha, A. (2001). Perception of export barriers to Mercosur by Brazilian firms. International Marketing Review, 18(6), 589–611.
Deakins, D., Battisti, M., Perry, M., & Crick, D. (2013). Understanding Internationalisation Behaviour. New Zealand Centre for SME Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effects model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101–107.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hollensen, S. (2012). Essentials of Global Marketing, 2nd ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Jalali, S. H. (2012). Export Barriers and Export Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Commercial Relationship. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1(33), 53–66.
Jauhari, V. (2007). Analysing Export Intensity of the Select Electronics Firms in India. International Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), 379–396.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm--A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies (pre-1986), 8(1), 23-32.
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The mechanism of internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24.
Julian, C. C. (2003). Export marketing performance: a study of Thailand firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(2), 213-221.
Kahiya, E. T., & Dean, D. L. (2015). Export barriers and business confidence: A quasi- longitudinal examination. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 294-323.
Karelakis, C., Mattas, K., & Chryssochoidis, G. (2008). Export problems perceptions and clustering of Greek wine firms. EuroMed Journal of Business, 3(1), 6-22.
Katsikeas, C. S., & Morgan, R. E. (1994). Differences in Perceptions of Exporting Problems Based on Firm Size and Export Market Experience. European Journal of Marketing, 28(5),17-35.
Koch, A. J. (2001). Factors influencing market and entry mode selection: developing the MEMS model. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19(5), 350–362.
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation & Integration. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston.
Leonidou, L. C. (1995). Export Barriers: Non-Exporters’ Perceptions. International Marketing Review, 12(1), 4-25.
Leonidou, L. C., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1996). The export development process: An integrative review of empirical models. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(3), 517-551.
Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00112.
Lê Tấn Bửu & Mai Xuân Đào (2020). Tác động của nhận thức về động cơ xuất khẩu đến lựa chọn thị trường ASEAN+ 3 để xuất khẩu nông sản của các doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa Việt Nam. Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính-Marketing, (55). https://doi.org/10.52932/jfm.vi55.86
Maharajh, L., & Heitmeyer, J. (2005). Factors that impact United States retailers' expansion into the international marketplace. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 9(2),144 – 155.
Majocchi, A., Bacchiocchi, E., & Mayrhofer, U. (2005). Firm Size, Business Experience and Export Intensity in SMEs: A Longitudinal Approach to Complex Relationships. International Business Review, 14(6), 719–738.
Milanzi, M. (2012). The Impact of Barriers on Export Behavior of a Developing Country Firms: Evidence from Tanzania. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(3), 10–22.
Natalia, V. L. (2013). Barriers to export: the power of organisational factors. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 23(2), 136-147. doi: 10.1108/10569211311324920.
Papadopoulos, N., & Denis, J. E. (1988). Inventory, taxonomy and assessment of methods for international market selection. International Marketing Review, 5(3), 38–51.
Pla-Barber, J., & Alegre, J. (2007). Analysing the Link between Export Intensity, Innovation and Firm Size in a Science-based Industry. International Business Review, 16(3), 275–293.
Radojevic P. D., Marjanovic, D., & Radovanov, T. (2014). The Impact of Firms’ Characteristics on Export Barriers’ Perception: A Case of Serbian Exporters. Prague Economic Papers, 23(4), 426-445. doi: 10.18267/j.pep.492.
Shaw, V., & Darroch, J. (2004). Barriers to internationalization: a study of entrepreneurial new ventures in New Zealand. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 327-343.
Stoian, M. C., Rialp, A., & Rialp, J. (2011). Export Performance under the Microscope: A Glance through Spanish Lenses. International Business Review, 20(2), 117–135.
Suarez-Ortega, S. (2003). Export Barriers: Insights from Small and Medium-sized Firms. International Small Business Journal, 21(4), 403-419.
Tổng cục thống kê (2019). Thông cáo báo chí kết quả tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019. Truy cập ngày 26/1/2020, từ https://www.gso.gov.vn/su-kien/2019/12/thong-cao-bao-chi-ket-qua-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/.
Vida, I., & Fairhurst, A. (1998). International expansion of retail firms: A theoretical approach for future investigations. Journal of Retail and Consumer Service, 5(3), 143-151.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A Resource-Based View of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wijayarathne, J. M. D. S., & Perera, M. P. S. R. (2018). Sri Lankan SMEs and Perceived Export Barriers: Evidence from Manufacturing Sector. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 7(3), 1-10.
Yannopoulos, P., & Kefalaki, M. (2010). Export Barriers Facing Canadian SMEs: The Role of Mental Models. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 5(2), 54–68.
Zhengzhe, H. (2009). Export barriers to the Chinese market: Insights from British Columbia Forest products firms. Master of Arts thesis, The University of Northern British Columbia.
Zou, S., & Stan, S. (1998). The determinants of export performance: a review of the empirical literature between 1987 and 1997. International Marketing Review, 15(5), 333–356.
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