Ảnh hưởng của phong cách lãnh đạo chuyên quyền đến hiệu suất bản thân và sự hài lòng trong công việc của nhân viên
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Sự hài lòng trong công việc là một trong những thái độ làm việc được nghiên cứu rộng rãi nhất trong tâm lý học công việc và tổ chức (Judge và cộng sự, 2017). Nghiên cứu tập trung tìm hiểu tác động của phong cách lãnh đạo chuyên quyền đến sự hài lòng trong công việc của nhân viên, xem xét vai trò của hiệu suất bản thân như một biến trung gian. Nghiên cứu sử dụng mô hình PLS-SEM bằng phần mềm Smart PLS 4.0 để tiến hành kiểm định giả thuyết nghiên cứu thông qua phân tích dữ liệu sơ cấp thu về từ khảo sát 352 nhân viên làm việc trong lĩnh vực công nghệ thông tin, điện tử - viễn thông tại TPHCM. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra có tồn tại mối quan hệ giữa phong cách lãnh đạo chuyên quyền, hiệu suất bản thân và sự hài lòng trong công việc, nghiên cứu cũng xác định hiệu suất bản thân đóng vai trò như một biến trung gian. Về mặt thực tiễn, kết quả nghiên cứu góp phần hạn chế mặt tiêu cực của phong cách lãnh đạo chuyên quyền đối với nhân viên các doanh nghiệp công nghệ thông tin, điện tử - viễn thông.
Chi tiết bài viết
Từ khóa
Hiệu suất bản thân, Lãnh đạo chuyên quyền, Sự hài lòng trong công việc
Tài liệu tham khảo
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Bá Tân (2023, March 17). TPHCM thể hiện sự cam kết với doanh nghiệp công nghệ thông tin. Retrieved from Báo Sài Gòn Giải Phóng. https://www.sggp.org.vn/tphcm-the-hien-su-cam-ket-voi-doanh-nghiep-cong-nghe-thong-tin-post682373.html?fbclid=IwAR0lHHBjMQqzCiaJewLBKDWmTmoBdQElwp3r-fwC3jeSdMelKwwv0UHpLuQ
TopCV (2022, October 17). Những thông tin cập nhật nhất về nhu cầu nhân lực ngành IT tại Việt Nam. Kênh Thông tin và Tuyển dụng Việc làm cho nhân sự trẻ. https://blog.topcv.vn/nhu-cau-nhan-luc-nganh-it-viet-nam/
Nguyễn Thị Thu Trang (2022, January 18). Đo lường quy mô kinh tế số của Việt Nam. Cổng Thông tin Điện tử Bộ Tài Chính. https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/vclvcstc/pages_r/l/chi-tiet-tin?dDocName=MOFUCM221694
Nguyễn Danh Nam và Uông Thị Ngọc Lan (2022). Mối quan hệ giữa tính cách cá nhân, vốn tâm lý và sự hài lòng trong công việc đến cam kết gắn bó đối với tổ chức của nhân viên khu vực công - Nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh Kiên Giang. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Mở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh - Kinh tế và Quản trị Kinh doanh, 17(3), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.46223/HCMCOUJS.econ.vi.17.3.1964.2022
Aronson, E. (2001). Integrating leadership styles and ethical perspectives. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 18(4), 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2001.tb00260.x
Bandara, S., Leckie, C., Lobo, A., & Hewege, C. (2017). Power and relationship quality in supply chains: The case of the Australian organic fruit and vegetable industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(3), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2016-0165
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs.
Bandura, A., & Watts, R. E. (1996). Self-efficacy in changing societies.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
Bayraktar, S., & Jiménez, A. (2020). Self-efficacy as a resource: a moderated mediation model of transformational leadership, extent of change and reactions to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(2), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2018-0368
Billingsley, B. S., & Cross, L. H. (1992). Predictors of commitment, job satisfaction, and intent to stay in teaching: A comparison of general and special educators. The Journal of Special Education, 25(4), 453-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246699202500404
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006
Cheng, M. Y., & Wang, L. (2015). The mediating effect of ethical climate on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and team identification: A team-level analysis in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 639-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2189-5
Chiaburu, D. S., Lorinkova, N. M., & Van Dyne, L. (2013). Employees’ social context and change-oriented citizenship: A meta-analysis of leader, coworker, and organizational influences. Group & Organization Management, 38(3), 291-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113476736
Cogaltay, N., Yalcin, M., & Karadag, E. (2016). Educational leadership and job satisfaction of teachers: A meta-analysis study on the studies published between 2000 and 2016 in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(62), 255-282. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/24400/258682
Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
De Clercq, D., Rahman, Z., & Haq, I. U. (2017). Explaining helping behavior in the workplace: The interactive effect of family-to-work conflict and Islamic work ethic. Journal of Business Ethics, 155, 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3541-3
De Hoogh, A. H., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
Farh, L. J., Cheng, B. S., & Chou, L. F. (2000). A triad model of paternalistic leadership: Constructs and measurement. Indigenous psychological research in Chinese societies, 14, 3-64. https://hdl.handle.net/1783.1/32506
Gormley, D. K. (2003). Factors affecting job satisfaction in nurse faculty: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(4), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.3928/0148-4834-20030401-08
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0076546
Hair J. F., Hult G. T. M., Ringle C. M., Sarstedt M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS_SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Horne, A. L., Du Plessis, Y., & Nkomo, S. (2016). Role of department heads in academic development: A leader–member exchange and organizational resource perspective. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(6), 1021-1041. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215587305
Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356–374. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/apl0000181
Judge, T.A. & Bono, J.E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits–self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability–with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
Judge, T.A. & Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. (2012). Job attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 341-367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511
Kanungo, R. N. (2001). Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 18(4), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2001.tb00261.x
Kasi, M.A.; Bibi, Z.; Karim, J. (2020) The Mediating Role of Employee Voice Behaviour in the Relation between Despotic Leadership and Employee Outcomes. SJESR, 3
(4), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(362-373)
Khan, T. M., Gang, B., Fareed, Z., & Yasmeen, R. (2020). The impact of CEO tenure on corporate social and environmental performance: an emerging country’s analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19314-19326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08468-y
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1297–1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Mundform, D. J., Schaffer, J., Kim, M. J., Shaw, D., & Thongteeraparp, A. (2011). Number of replications required in Monte Carlo simulation studies: A synthesis of four studies. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 10(1), 19-28. https://jmasm.com/index.php/jmasm/article/view/520/522
Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., Donia, M. B., & Darr, W. (2016). Perils of being close to a bad leader in a bad environment: Exploring the combined effects of despotic leadership, leader-member exchange, and perceived organizational politics on behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.09.005
Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.001
Ramos Salazar, L., & Hayward, S. L., 2018. An Examination of College Students' Problem‐Solving Self‐Efficacy, Academic Self‐Efficacy, Motivation, Test Performance, and Expected Grade in Introductory‐Level Economics Courses. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 16(3), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12161
Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of Working Environment on Job Satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00524-9
Schilling, J. (2009). From ineffectiveness to destruction: A qualitative study on the meaning of negative leadership. Leadership, 5(1), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715008098312
Schwarzer, R., Babler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schroder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self‐beliefs: comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self‐efficacy scale. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01096.x
Ssesanga, K., & Garrett, R. M. (2005). Job satisfaction of university academics: Perspectives from Uganda. Higher Education, 50, 33-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-004-6346-0
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human resource Management Review, 12(2), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00045-1
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407-415. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.407
Zhou, X., Rasool, S. F., Yang, J., & Asghar, M. Z. (2021). Exploring the relationship between despotic leadership and job satisfaction: the role of self-efficacy and leader–member exchange. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105307
Bá Tân (2023, March 17). TPHCM thể hiện sự cam kết với doanh nghiệp công nghệ thông tin. Retrieved from Báo Sài Gòn Giải Phóng. https://www.sggp.org.vn/tphcm-the-hien-su-cam-ket-voi-doanh-nghiep-cong-nghe-thong-tin-post682373.html?fbclid=IwAR0lHHBjMQqzCiaJewLBKDWmTmoBdQElwp3r-fwC3jeSdMelKwwv0UHpLuQ
TopCV (2022, October 17). Những thông tin cập nhật nhất về nhu cầu nhân lực ngành IT tại Việt Nam. Kênh Thông tin và Tuyển dụng Việc làm cho nhân sự trẻ. https://blog.topcv.vn/nhu-cau-nhan-luc-nganh-it-viet-nam/
Nguyễn Thị Thu Trang (2022, January 18). Đo lường quy mô kinh tế số của Việt Nam. Cổng Thông tin Điện tử Bộ Tài Chính. https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/vclvcstc/pages_r/l/chi-tiet-tin?dDocName=MOFUCM221694
Nguyễn Danh Nam và Uông Thị Ngọc Lan (2022). Mối quan hệ giữa tính cách cá nhân, vốn tâm lý và sự hài lòng trong công việc đến cam kết gắn bó đối với tổ chức của nhân viên khu vực công - Nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh Kiên Giang. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Mở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh - Kinh tế và Quản trị Kinh doanh, 17(3), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.46223/HCMCOUJS.econ.vi.17.3.1964.2022
Aronson, E. (2001). Integrating leadership styles and ethical perspectives. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 18(4), 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2001.tb00260.x
Bandara, S., Leckie, C., Lobo, A., & Hewege, C. (2017). Power and relationship quality in supply chains: The case of the Australian organic fruit and vegetable industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(3), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2016-0165
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs.
Bandura, A., & Watts, R. E. (1996). Self-efficacy in changing societies.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
Bayraktar, S., & Jiménez, A. (2020). Self-efficacy as a resource: a moderated mediation model of transformational leadership, extent of change and reactions to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(2), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2018-0368
Billingsley, B. S., & Cross, L. H. (1992). Predictors of commitment, job satisfaction, and intent to stay in teaching: A comparison of general and special educators. The Journal of Special Education, 25(4), 453-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246699202500404
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006
Cheng, M. Y., & Wang, L. (2015). The mediating effect of ethical climate on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and team identification: A team-level analysis in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 639-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2189-5
Chiaburu, D. S., Lorinkova, N. M., & Van Dyne, L. (2013). Employees’ social context and change-oriented citizenship: A meta-analysis of leader, coworker, and organizational influences. Group & Organization Management, 38(3), 291-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113476736
Cogaltay, N., Yalcin, M., & Karadag, E. (2016). Educational leadership and job satisfaction of teachers: A meta-analysis study on the studies published between 2000 and 2016 in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(62), 255-282. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/24400/258682
Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
De Clercq, D., Rahman, Z., & Haq, I. U. (2017). Explaining helping behavior in the workplace: The interactive effect of family-to-work conflict and Islamic work ethic. Journal of Business Ethics, 155, 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3541-3
De Hoogh, A. H., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
Farh, L. J., Cheng, B. S., & Chou, L. F. (2000). A triad model of paternalistic leadership: Constructs and measurement. Indigenous psychological research in Chinese societies, 14, 3-64. https://hdl.handle.net/1783.1/32506
Gormley, D. K. (2003). Factors affecting job satisfaction in nurse faculty: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(4), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.3928/0148-4834-20030401-08
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0076546
Hair J. F., Hult G. T. M., Ringle C. M., Sarstedt M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS_SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Horne, A. L., Du Plessis, Y., & Nkomo, S. (2016). Role of department heads in academic development: A leader–member exchange and organizational resource perspective. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(6), 1021-1041. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215587305
Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356–374. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/apl0000181
Judge, T.A. & Bono, J.E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits–self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability–with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
Judge, T.A. & Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. (2012). Job attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 341-367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511
Kanungo, R. N. (2001). Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 18(4), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2001.tb00261.x
Kasi, M.A.; Bibi, Z.; Karim, J. (2020) The Mediating Role of Employee Voice Behaviour in the Relation between Despotic Leadership and Employee Outcomes. SJESR, 3
(4), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(362-373)
Khan, T. M., Gang, B., Fareed, Z., & Yasmeen, R. (2020). The impact of CEO tenure on corporate social and environmental performance: an emerging country’s analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19314-19326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08468-y
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1297–1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Mundform, D. J., Schaffer, J., Kim, M. J., Shaw, D., & Thongteeraparp, A. (2011). Number of replications required in Monte Carlo simulation studies: A synthesis of four studies. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 10(1), 19-28. https://jmasm.com/index.php/jmasm/article/view/520/522
Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., Donia, M. B., & Darr, W. (2016). Perils of being close to a bad leader in a bad environment: Exploring the combined effects of despotic leadership, leader-member exchange, and perceived organizational politics on behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.09.005
Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.001
Ramos Salazar, L., & Hayward, S. L., 2018. An Examination of College Students' Problem‐Solving Self‐Efficacy, Academic Self‐Efficacy, Motivation, Test Performance, and Expected Grade in Introductory‐Level Economics Courses. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 16(3), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12161
Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of Working Environment on Job Satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00524-9
Schilling, J. (2009). From ineffectiveness to destruction: A qualitative study on the meaning of negative leadership. Leadership, 5(1), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715008098312
Schwarzer, R., Babler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schroder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self‐beliefs: comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self‐efficacy scale. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01096.x
Ssesanga, K., & Garrett, R. M. (2005). Job satisfaction of university academics: Perspectives from Uganda. Higher Education, 50, 33-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-004-6346-0
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human resource Management Review, 12(2), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00045-1
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407-415. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.407
Zhou, X., Rasool, S. F., Yang, J., & Asghar, M. Z. (2021). Exploring the relationship between despotic leadership and job satisfaction: the role of self-efficacy and leader–member exchange. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105307