The impact of international tourism on CO2 emissions in Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of international tourism on CO2 emissions in Vietnam in the period 1995 – 2019. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied, by applying the bound test to determine the cointegration relationship, then using error correction model (ECM) to analyze short-term effects. The findings show that there is a long run relationship exist between international tourism and CO2 emissions in Vietnam. The international tourism has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the long term. The number increase of international tourists lead to decrease environmental quality. In contrast, in the short term, the number of international tourists has a negative impact on CO2 emissions, the increase in international tourist arrivals lead to improve environmental quality. The coefficient of ECT is -0,246 and statistically meaningful (p < 0.05). This show that changes in international tourist arrivals affecting CO2 emissions are adjusted down 24,6% in the next period to reach long-run equilibrium.
Article Details
Keywords
CO2 emissions, International tourism, Viet Nam, ARDL
References
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Balli, E., Sigeze, C., Manga, M., ưBirdir, S., & Birdir, K. (2019). The relationship between tourism, CO2 emissions and economic growth: a case of Mediterranean countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 219-232. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2018.1557717
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Bella, G. (2018). Estimating the tourism induced environmental Kuznets curve in France. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(12), 2043-2052. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1529768
Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2014). The dynamic linkage between CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, number of tourist arrivals and trade. University Library of Munich, Germany, 57261. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57261/
Danish, & Wang, Z. (2018). Dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: A panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
Ei Menyari, Y. (2021). The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(32), 44028-44038. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13818-5
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. doi: 10.2307/1913236
Gao, J., Xu, W., & Zhang, L. (2021). Tourism, economic growth, and tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: evidence from the Mediterranean region. Empirical Economics, 60(3), 1507-1529. doi: 10.1007/s00181-019-01787-1
Grossman, G. M. (1995). Pollution and growth: what do we know? In I. Goldin & L. A. Winters (Eds.), The Economics of Sustainable Development, 19-46. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511751905.003
Işik, C., Kasımatı, E., & Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(7), 665-673. doi: 10.1080/15567249.2016.1263251
Jalil, A., Mahmood, T., & Idrees, M. (2013). Tourism–growth nexus in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL bounds tests. Economic Modelling, 35, 185-191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.034
Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580. doi: 10.2307/2938278
Katircioğlu, S. T. (2014). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383-391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100611
Kofi Adom, P., Bekoe, W., Amuakwa-Mensah, F., Mensah, J. T., & Botchway, E. (2012). Carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, industrial structure, and technical efficiency: Empirical evidence from Ghana, Senegal, and Morocco on the causal dynamics. Energy, 47(1), 314-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.025
Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016
Leitão, N. C., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2021). The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. In D. Balsalobre-Lorente, O. M. Driha & M. Shahbaz (Eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy, 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_4
Nepal, R., Indra al Irsyad, M., & Nepal, S. K. (2019). Tourist arrivals, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 72, 145-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.025
Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C.-F. (2016). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712-724. doi: 10.1177/0047287516667848
Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Lau, C. K. M. (2018). The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the EU nations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1587-1607. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1489398
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Pigram, J. J. (1980). Environmental implications of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(4), 554-583. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(80)90049-3
Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Tourism development and environmental degradation in the United States: evidence from wavelet-based analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1192587
Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Ben Jabeur, S., & Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tourism development, energy consumption and environmental quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: a trivariate analysis. GeoJournal, 84(3), 593-609. doi: 10.1007/s10708-018-9878-z
Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions? Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452. doi: 10.1080/13032917.2017.1335648
Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of tourism on CO2 emission: evidence from Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 408-421. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2016.1273960
Shin, Y., & Pesaran, M. H. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frish Centennial Symposium, 371-413. Cambridge University Press.
Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). Small sample evidence on the tourism-led growth hypothesis in Lebanon. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 234-246. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.732044
Thi, D., Tran, V. Q., & Nguyen, D. T. (2023). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, international tourism, trade openness, innovation and carbon dioxide emissions: international evidence. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 397-416. doi: 10.1080/14786451.2023.2192827
Tisdell, C. (1987). Tourism, the environment and profit. Economic Analysis and Policy, 17(1), 13-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(87)50009-
World Bank (2022). World Development Indicators. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source-=World-Development-Indicators (accessed 10 August 2022)
Yazdi, S., Zahra, T., & Nikos, M. (2014). Public healthcare expenditure and environmental quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 1, 126-134.
Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth impact of CO emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(1), 19-37. doi: 10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2014-0148
Balcilar, M., van Eyden, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Gupta, R. (2014). Time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in South Africa. Applied Economics, 46(36), 4381-4398. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2014.957445
Balli, E., Sigeze, C., Manga, M., ưBirdir, S., & Birdir, K. (2019). The relationship between tourism, CO2 emissions and economic growth: a case of Mediterranean countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 219-232. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2018.1557717
Becken, S., & Patterson, M. (2006). Measuring National Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Tourism as a Key Step Towards Achieving Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), 323-338. doi: 10.2167/jost547.0
Bella, G. (2018). Estimating the tourism induced environmental Kuznets curve in France. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(12), 2043-2052. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1529768
Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2014). The dynamic linkage between CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, number of tourist arrivals and trade. University Library of Munich, Germany, 57261. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/57261/
Danish, & Wang, Z. (2018). Dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: A panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1119103
Ei Menyari, Y. (2021). The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(32), 44028-44038. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13818-5
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. doi: 10.2307/1913236
Gao, J., Xu, W., & Zhang, L. (2021). Tourism, economic growth, and tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: evidence from the Mediterranean region. Empirical Economics, 60(3), 1507-1529. doi: 10.1007/s00181-019-01787-1
Grossman, G. M. (1995). Pollution and growth: what do we know? In I. Goldin & L. A. Winters (Eds.), The Economics of Sustainable Development, 19-46. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511751905.003
Işik, C., Kasımatı, E., & Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(7), 665-673. doi: 10.1080/15567249.2016.1263251
Jalil, A., Mahmood, T., & Idrees, M. (2013). Tourism–growth nexus in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL bounds tests. Economic Modelling, 35, 185-191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.034
Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580. doi: 10.2307/2938278
Katircioğlu, S. T. (2014). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383-391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100611
Kofi Adom, P., Bekoe, W., Amuakwa-Mensah, F., Mensah, J. T., & Botchway, E. (2012). Carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, industrial structure, and technical efficiency: Empirical evidence from Ghana, Senegal, and Morocco on the causal dynamics. Energy, 47(1), 314-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.025
Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016
Leitão, N. C., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2021). The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. In D. Balsalobre-Lorente, O. M. Driha & M. Shahbaz (Eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy, 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_4
Nepal, R., Indra al Irsyad, M., & Nepal, S. K. (2019). Tourist arrivals, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 72, 145-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.025
Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C.-F. (2016). The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712-724. doi: 10.1177/0047287516667848
Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Lau, C. K. M. (2018). The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the EU nations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(9), 1587-1607. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2018.1489398
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Pigram, J. J. (1980). Environmental implications of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(4), 554-583. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(80)90049-3
Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Tourism development and environmental degradation in the United States: evidence from wavelet-based analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1192587
Sghaier, A., Guizani, A., Ben Jabeur, S., & Nurunnabi, M. (2019). Tourism development, energy consumption and environmental quality in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: a trivariate analysis. GeoJournal, 84(3), 593-609. doi: 10.1007/s10708-018-9878-z
Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions? Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452. doi: 10.1080/13032917.2017.1335648
Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of tourism on CO2 emission: evidence from Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 408-421. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2016.1273960
Shin, Y., & Pesaran, M. H. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frish Centennial Symposium, 371-413. Cambridge University Press.
Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). Small sample evidence on the tourism-led growth hypothesis in Lebanon. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 234-246. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.732044
Thi, D., Tran, V. Q., & Nguyen, D. T. (2023). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, international tourism, trade openness, innovation and carbon dioxide emissions: international evidence. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 397-416. doi: 10.1080/14786451.2023.2192827
Tisdell, C. (1987). Tourism, the environment and profit. Economic Analysis and Policy, 17(1), 13-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(87)50009-
World Bank (2022). World Development Indicators. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source-=World-Development-Indicators (accessed 10 August 2022)
Yazdi, S., Zahra, T., & Nikos, M. (2014). Public healthcare expenditure and environmental quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 1, 126-134.
Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth impact of CO emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(1), 19-37. doi: 10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2014-0148
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