Tác động của tham nhũng đến kinh tế ngầm: Nghiên cứu tại các quốc gia đang phát triển Châu Á
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Bài viết nghiên cứu tác động của tham nhũng đến qui mô kinh tế ngầm tại 24 quốc gia đang phát triển khu vực Châu Á giai đoạn 2005 - 2021. Mặc dù cả tham nhũng và kinh tế ngầm là những đại lượng rất khó đo lường và cho đến hiện nay vẫn chưa có chỉ số nào có thể đo lường một cách chính xác được, nhưng việc sử dụng chỉ số CPI là sự đánh giá nhận thức về tham nhũng của công dân đối với khu vực công và chỉ số kinh tế ngầm được xây dựng bởi tác giả Schneider, Buehn và Montenegro (2010) theo phương MIMIC được xem là sự kết hợp phù hợp cho bối cảnh nghiên cứu. Theo khung phân tích lý thuyết, nghiên cứu này sử dụng các phương pháp ước lượng FEM và SYS – GMM đối với dữ liệu bảng để xem xét tác động của tham nhũng đến kinh tế ngầm. Kết quả thực nghiệm cho thấy, tham nhũng đóng vai trò hỗ trợ cho quy mô kinh tế ngầm tại các quốc gia đang phát triển Châu Á. Điều này cho thấy, tham nhũng nhiều hơn làm tăng quy mô của nền kinh tế ngầm vì khi đó chi phí hoạt động kinh tế chính thức lớn. Kết quả này còn hỗ trợ mạnh mẽ cho nhận định “bôi trơn bánh xe” bởi vì hối lộ tạo điều kiện thiết lập cho các hoạt động ngầm tại các quốc gia đang phát triển. Vì vậy, các quốc gia đang phát muốn giảm thiểu qui mô kinh tế ngầm cần loại bỏ tham nhũng bằng những hình thức như xây dựng chính phủ điện tử, xây dựng hệ thống thể chế chặt chẽ.
Chi tiết bài viết
Từ khóa
Kinh tế ngầm, Tham nhũng, Quốc gia đang phát triển
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2008). The role of institutions in growth and development (Vol. 10). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bayar, Y., & Ӧztürk, Ӧ. F. (2019). Economic freedom, globali-zation, and the shadow economy in the European union transition economies: A panel cointegration analysis. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 10(2), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2019.10.19
Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom: A survey. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562685
Bhattacharyya, S., & Hodler, R. (2010). Natural resources, democracy and corruption. European Economic Review, 54(4), 608-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.10.004
Borlea, S. N., Achim, M. V., & Miron, M. G. (2017). Corruption, shadow economy and economic growth: An empirical survey across the European Union countries. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, 27(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1515/sues-2017-0006
Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2009). Corruption and the shadow economy: a structural equation model approach. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1409286
Canh, P. N., Schinckus, C., & Dinh Thanh, S. (2021). What are the drivers of shadow economy? A further evidence of economic integration and institutional quality. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2020.1799428
Coolidge, J., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997). High-level rent-seeking and corruption in African regimes: theory and cases (No. 1780). The World Bank.
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2005). Corruption and the shadow economy. International Economic Review, 46(3), 817-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2005.00347.x
Đặng Văn Cường (2016). Tác động của tự do kinh tế và dân chủ đến tham nhũng tại các quốc gia đang phát triển. Tạp chí Kinh tế và Ngân hàng Châu Á, (118 -119). https://ajeb.hub.edu.vn/vi/article/tac-dong-cua-tu-do-kinh-te-va-dan-chu-den-tham-nhung-tai-cac-quoc-gia-dang-phat-trien
Dang, V. C., Nguyen, Q. K., & Tran, X. H. (2022). Corruption, institutional quality and shadow economy in Asian countries. Applied Economics Letters, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2118959
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
Dreher, A., & Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the shadow economy: An empirical analysis. Public Choice, 144, 215-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9513-0
Ergene, S. (2015). Growth, inflation, interest rate and informality: Panel VAR evidence from OECD economies. Economics Bulletin, 35(1), 750-763. http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2015/Volume35/EB-15-V35-I1-P79.pdf
Esaku, S. (2021). The long-and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and trade openness in Uganda. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1930886. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1930886
Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2000). Dodging the grabbing hand: the determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 459-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00093-6
Gardiner, S., Parry, J., & Robinson, S. (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: Where is the integrity?. European sport management quarterly, 17(1), 6-23.
Goel, R. K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2014). Global corruption and the shadow economy: spatial aspects. Public Choice, 161, 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0135-1
Heinrich, F., & Hodess, R. (2011). Measuring Corruption. In Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/9781849805018.xml#page=32
Hibbs Jr, D. A., & Piculescu, V. (2005). Institutions, corruption and tax evasion in the unofficial economy. Institutions, 2005(08), 02c3. https://core.ac.uk/reader/16311250
Hindriks, J., Keen, M., & Muthoo, A. (1999). Corruption, extortion and evasion. Journal of Public Economics, 74(3), 395-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00030-4
Johnson, M. T., Bloemen, P. J. H., Den Broeder, F. J. A., & De Vries, J. J. (1996). Magnetic anisotropy in metallic multilayers. Reports on Progress in Physics, 59(11), 1409. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/11/002
Klitgaard, R. (1998). Strategies against corruption. Presentation at Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional Foro Iberoamericano sobre el Combate a la Corrupción, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Jun, 15-16.
Koreshkova, T. A. (2006). A quantitative analysis of inflation as a tax on the underground economy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(4), 773-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.02.009
Medina, L., & Schneider, M. F. (2018). Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years?. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/01/25/Shadow-Economies-Around-the-World-What-Did-We-Learn-Over-the-Last-20-Years-45583
Medina, L., & Schneider, F. (2019). Shedding Light on the Shadow Economy: A Global Database and the Interaction with the Official One (No. 7981). CESifo. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502028
Mogensen, G. V., Kvist, H. K., Körmendi, E., & Pedersen, S. (1995). The Shadow Economy in Denmark 1994: Measurement and Results. Study No. 3, Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen.
Monteverde, V. (2021). Great corruption–theory of corrupt phenomena. Journal of Financial Crime, 28(2), 580-592. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2019-0104
Moulton, B. R. (1986), ‘Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates’, Journal of econometrics, 32(3), 385-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90021-7
Moulton, B. R. (1990), ‘An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro units’, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72, 334-338. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109724
Ross, S. A. (1973). The economic theory of agency: The principal's problem. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 134-139.
Saha, S., Beladi, H., & Kar, S. (2021). Corruption control, shadow economy and income inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100774
Saunoris, J. W., & Sajny, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and economic freedom: cross-country evidence from formal and informal sectors. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(3-4), 292-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806
Schneider, F. (2007). Shadow economies and corruption in transition countries: some preliminary findings. Dostopno preko http://www. econ. jku. at/Schneider, 3(9), 2009.
Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2000). Shadow economies: Size, causes, and consequences. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(1), 77-114. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.77
Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2013). The shadow economy: An international survey. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139542289
Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 443-461. http://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2010.525974
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Corruption. The quarterly journal of economics, 108(3), 599-617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402
Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Teobaldelli, D., & Schneider, F. (2013). The influence of direct democracy on the shadow economy. Public Choice, 157, 543-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0098-2
Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2009). The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2008.08.004
Virta, H. (2010). The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: does geography matter? International Journal of Development Issues, 9(1), 4-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951011033770
Vo, D. H., Ha, D. T. T., & Ly, T. H. (2015). Shadow Economy and Corruption in the ASEAN: Complement or Substitute?. In A New Paradigm for International Business: Proceedings of the Conference on Free Trade Agreements and Regional Integration in East Asia (pp. 151-169). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-499-3_8
Williams, C. C., & Schneider, F. (2013). The shadow economy. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1324.1286
Zubal’ová, A., Geško, M., & Borza, M. (2020). Effectivity of progressive taxation from the micro-and macroeconomic perspective. Danube, 11(3), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.2478/danb-2020-0013
Bayar, Y., & Ӧztürk, Ӧ. F. (2019). Economic freedom, globali-zation, and the shadow economy in the European union transition economies: A panel cointegration analysis. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 10(2), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.15388/omee.2019.10.19
Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom: A survey. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562685
Bhattacharyya, S., & Hodler, R. (2010). Natural resources, democracy and corruption. European Economic Review, 54(4), 608-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.10.004
Borlea, S. N., Achim, M. V., & Miron, M. G. (2017). Corruption, shadow economy and economic growth: An empirical survey across the European Union countries. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, 27(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1515/sues-2017-0006
Buehn, A., & Schneider, F. (2009). Corruption and the shadow economy: a structural equation model approach. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1409286
Canh, P. N., Schinckus, C., & Dinh Thanh, S. (2021). What are the drivers of shadow economy? A further evidence of economic integration and institutional quality. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2020.1799428
Coolidge, J., & Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997). High-level rent-seeking and corruption in African regimes: theory and cases (No. 1780). The World Bank.
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2005). Corruption and the shadow economy. International Economic Review, 46(3), 817-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2005.00347.x
Đặng Văn Cường (2016). Tác động của tự do kinh tế và dân chủ đến tham nhũng tại các quốc gia đang phát triển. Tạp chí Kinh tế và Ngân hàng Châu Á, (118 -119). https://ajeb.hub.edu.vn/vi/article/tac-dong-cua-tu-do-kinh-te-va-dan-chu-den-tham-nhung-tai-cac-quoc-gia-dang-phat-trien
Dang, V. C., Nguyen, Q. K., & Tran, X. H. (2022). Corruption, institutional quality and shadow economy in Asian countries. Applied Economics Letters, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2118959
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
Dreher, A., & Schneider, F. (2010). Corruption and the shadow economy: An empirical analysis. Public Choice, 144, 215-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9513-0
Ergene, S. (2015). Growth, inflation, interest rate and informality: Panel VAR evidence from OECD economies. Economics Bulletin, 35(1), 750-763. http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2015/Volume35/EB-15-V35-I1-P79.pdf
Esaku, S. (2021). The long-and short-run relationship between the shadow economy and trade openness in Uganda. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1930886. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1930886
Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2000). Dodging the grabbing hand: the determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 459-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00093-6
Gardiner, S., Parry, J., & Robinson, S. (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: Where is the integrity?. European sport management quarterly, 17(1), 6-23.
Goel, R. K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2014). Global corruption and the shadow economy: spatial aspects. Public Choice, 161, 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0135-1
Heinrich, F., & Hodess, R. (2011). Measuring Corruption. In Handbook of Global Research and Practice in Corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/9781849805018.xml#page=32
Hibbs Jr, D. A., & Piculescu, V. (2005). Institutions, corruption and tax evasion in the unofficial economy. Institutions, 2005(08), 02c3. https://core.ac.uk/reader/16311250
Hindriks, J., Keen, M., & Muthoo, A. (1999). Corruption, extortion and evasion. Journal of Public Economics, 74(3), 395-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00030-4
Johnson, M. T., Bloemen, P. J. H., Den Broeder, F. J. A., & De Vries, J. J. (1996). Magnetic anisotropy in metallic multilayers. Reports on Progress in Physics, 59(11), 1409. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/11/002
Klitgaard, R. (1998). Strategies against corruption. Presentation at Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional Foro Iberoamericano sobre el Combate a la Corrupción, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Jun, 15-16.
Koreshkova, T. A. (2006). A quantitative analysis of inflation as a tax on the underground economy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(4), 773-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.02.009
Medina, L., & Schneider, M. F. (2018). Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years?. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/01/25/Shadow-Economies-Around-the-World-What-Did-We-Learn-Over-the-Last-20-Years-45583
Medina, L., & Schneider, F. (2019). Shedding Light on the Shadow Economy: A Global Database and the Interaction with the Official One (No. 7981). CESifo. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502028
Mogensen, G. V., Kvist, H. K., Körmendi, E., & Pedersen, S. (1995). The Shadow Economy in Denmark 1994: Measurement and Results. Study No. 3, Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen.
Monteverde, V. (2021). Great corruption–theory of corrupt phenomena. Journal of Financial Crime, 28(2), 580-592. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-07-2019-0104
Moulton, B. R. (1986), ‘Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates’, Journal of econometrics, 32(3), 385-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90021-7
Moulton, B. R. (1990), ‘An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro units’, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72, 334-338. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109724
Ross, S. A. (1973). The economic theory of agency: The principal's problem. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 134-139.
Saha, S., Beladi, H., & Kar, S. (2021). Corruption control, shadow economy and income inequality: Evidence from Asia. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100774
Saunoris, J. W., & Sajny, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and economic freedom: cross-country evidence from formal and informal sectors. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(3-4), 292-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806
Schneider, F. (2007). Shadow economies and corruption in transition countries: some preliminary findings. Dostopno preko http://www. econ. jku. at/Schneider, 3(9), 2009.
Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2000). Shadow economies: Size, causes, and consequences. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(1), 77-114. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.77
Schneider, F., & Enste, D. H. (2013). The shadow economy: An international survey. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139542289
Schneider, F., Buehn, A., & Montenegro, C. E. (2010). New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World. International Economic Journal, 24(4), 443-461. http://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2010.525974
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Corruption. The quarterly journal of economics, 108(3), 599-617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402
Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Teobaldelli, D., & Schneider, F. (2013). The influence of direct democracy on the shadow economy. Public Choice, 157, 543-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0098-2
Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2009). The impact of tax morale and institutional quality on the shadow economy. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2008.08.004
Virta, H. (2010). The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: does geography matter? International Journal of Development Issues, 9(1), 4-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/14468951011033770
Vo, D. H., Ha, D. T. T., & Ly, T. H. (2015). Shadow Economy and Corruption in the ASEAN: Complement or Substitute?. In A New Paradigm for International Business: Proceedings of the Conference on Free Trade Agreements and Regional Integration in East Asia (pp. 151-169). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-499-3_8
Williams, C. C., & Schneider, F. (2013). The shadow economy. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1324.1286
Zubal’ová, A., Geško, M., & Borza, M. (2020). Effectivity of progressive taxation from the micro-and macroeconomic perspective. Danube, 11(3), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.2478/danb-2020-0013