Mối quan hệ giữa năm đặc điểm tính cách lớn và ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội
Nội dung chính của bài viết
Tóm tắt
Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là kiểm tra mối quan hệ giữa năm tính cách lớn bao gồm sự dễ chịu (agreeableness), sự tận tâm (conscientiousness), tính hướng ngoại (extraversion), sự bất ổn tâm lý (neuroticism) và sự cởi mở với trải nghiệm (openness to experience) đến ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội. Các câu trả lời được thu thập từ 400 sinh viên đại học để tiến hành phân tích. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, trong khi sự dễ chịu, tính hướng ngoại và sự cởi mở với trải nghiệm có những tác động tích cực đến ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội thì sự bất ổn tâm lý và sự tận tâm không có tác động đến ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội. Từ kết quả phân tích, các nhà hoạch định chính sách có thể xây dựng một môi trường thúc đẩy sự dễ chịu, hướng ngoại và cởi mở với trải nghiệm - đây là những yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đến ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội. Các nhà giáo dục có thể thiết kế các chương trình phát triển các tính cách để giúp các sinh viên phát triển các tính cách phù hợp với việc trở thành doanh nhân xã hội. Nghiên cứu trong tương lai nên được mở rộng để kết hợp các yếu tố khác như văn hóa, lý lịch, giáo dục và kinh nghiệm để cung cấp một cái nhìn tổng quát hơn về tác động của tính cách đến ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội.
Chi tiết bài viết
Từ khóa
Đặc điểm tính cách, Khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội, Mô hình Big Five, Ý định khởi sự kinh doanh xã hội
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abu-Saifan, S. (2012). Social entrepreneurship: definition and boundaries. Technology innovation management review, 2(2), 22-27.
Acosta, P. B., Lozano-Oyola, M., & Sanchez-Serrano, J. L. S. (2018). Entrepreneurship and Social Work: a comparison between Social Work students and graduates. Ijeri-International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, (10), 91-107.
Acs, Z. J., Boardman, M. C., & McNeely, C. L. (2013). The social value of productive entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 40(3), 785-796. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9396-6
Anderson, A. R., Younis, S., Hashim, H., & Air, C. (2019). Social enterprising informing our concept; exploring informal micro social enterprise. Social Enterprise Journal, 15(1), 94-110. doi:10.1108/sej-04-2018-0034
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411- 423.
Antoncic, B., Bratkovic Kregar, T., Singh, G., & DeNoble, A. F. (2015). The big five personality–entrepreneurship relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 819-841.
Aure, P. A. H. (2018). Exploring the social entrepreneurial intentions of senior high school and college students in a Philippine University: A PLS-SEM Approach. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(2), 1-11.
Bacq, S., & Alt, E. (2018). Feeling capable and valued: A prosocial perspective on the link between empathy and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 333-350. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.01.004
Baierl, R., Grichnik, D., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2014). Antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions: The role of an individual's general social appraisal. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 123-145.
Bazkiaei, H. A., Heng, L. H., Khan, N. U., Saufi, R. B. A., & Kasim, R. S. R. (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students?. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1801217.
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 222-230.
Chen, S., Su, X., & Wu, S. (2012). Need for achievement, education, and entrepreneurial risk-taking behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(8), 1311-1318.
Chipeta, E. M., & Surujlal, J. (2017). Influence of attitude, risk taking propensity and proactive personality on social entrepreneurship intentions. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 15(2), 27-36.
Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Stokes, G. S. (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage?. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 465-483.
Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343-359.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Holland, J. L. (1984). Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 390.
Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42-49.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1990). Organizational growth: Linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among US semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly, 504-529.
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind–An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of Planned Behaviour. [DBA thesis]. University of Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Grohs, S., Schneiders, K., & Heinze, R. G. (2017). Outsiders and Intrapreneurs: The Institutional Embeddedness of Social Entrepreneurship in Germany. Voluntas, 28(6), 2569-2591. doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9777-1
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles, California, US: Sage publications.
Hansemark, O. C. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 4(1), 28-50.
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130. doi:10.1111/etap.12171
Hsu, C.-Y., & Wang, S.-M. (2018). Social entrepreneurial intentions and its influential factors: A comparison of students in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1-11.
Ip, C. Y., Wu, S.-C., Liu, H.-C., & Liang, C. (2018). Social entrepreneurial intentions of students from Hong Kong. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(1), 47-64.
İrengün, O., & Arıkboğa, Ş. (2015). The effect of personality traits on social entrepreneurship intentions: a field research. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1186-1195.
Kedmenec, I., Rebernik, M., & Peric, J. (2015). The impact of individual characteristics on intentions to pursue social entrepreneurship. Ekonomski Pregled, 66(2), 119-137.
Kedmenec, I., Rebernik, M., & Perić, J. (2015). The Impact of Individual Characteristics on Intentions to Pursue Social Entrepreneurship. Ekonomski Pregled, 66(2), 119-137.
Kreiser, P. M., & Davis, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The unique impact of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 39-51.
Kreiser, P. M., Patel, P. C., & Fiet, J. O. (2013). The Influence of Changes in Social Capital on Firm–Founding Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 539-567.
Liang, C., Chang, C.-C., & Hsu, Y. (2013). Personality and psychological factors predict imagination: Evidence from Taiwan. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 67-74.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
Llewellyn, D. J., & Wilson, K. M. (2003). The Controversial Role of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurial Psychology. Education & Training, 45(6), 341-345.
Locke, E. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 408-429.
Luc, P. T. (2020). The influence of personality traits on social entrepreneurial intention among owners of civil society organisations in Vietnam. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 40(3), 291-308.
Maak, T., & Stoetter, N. (2012). Social Entrepreneurs as Responsible Leaders: 'Fundacin Paraguaya' and the Case of Martin Burt. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 413-430. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1417-0
Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Gordon, J. (2013). Social innovation, social entrepreneurship and the practice of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy. International Small Business Journal, 31(7), 747-763. doi:10.1177/0266242612443376
Mair, & Noboa. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Murugesan, R., & Jayavelu, R. (2017). The influence of big five personality traits and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention: The role of gender. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 3(1), 41-61.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
Politis, K., Ketikidis, P., Diamantidis, A. D., & Lazuras, L. (2016). An investigation of social entrepreneurial intentions formation among South-East European postgraduate students. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1120-1141.
Preethi, C., & Priyadarshini, R. (2018). The Intention towards Social Entrepreneurship among Students and its link with Big 5 Model. Paper presented at the The 3rd International Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2018, Tamilnadu, India.
Prieto, L. C. (2011). The influence of proactive personality on social entrepreneurial intentions among African American and Hispanic undergraduate students: The moderating role of hope. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(2), 77-96.
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385.
Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68-74.
Şahin, F., Karadağ, H., & Tuncer, B. (2019). Big five personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(6), 1188-1211.
Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K. G. (2012). Development and validation of a locus of control scale for the entrepreneurship domain. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 713-726.
Shane, S., & Cable, D. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48(3), 364-381.
Takmashva, I. V., & Bogomolova, L. L. (2018). Social entrepreneurship in northern Russia: new opportunities for development. Amazonia Investiga, 7(17), 253-260.
Tan Luc, P., Xuan Lan, P., Nhat Hanh Le, A., & Thanh Trang, B. (2020). A Co-Citation and Co-Word Analysis of Social Entrepreneurship Research. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-16.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Validation Study. In M. J. Manimala & P. Thomas (Eds.), Entrepreneurship Education: Experiments with Curriculum, Pedagogy and Target Groups (1st ed., pp. 171-188). Singapore: Springer.
Tran, A. T., Tran, A. T., Von Korflesch, H., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17-38.
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559.
Van Gelderen, M., & Jansen, P. (2006). Autonomy as a start-up motive. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 23-32.
Wu, S., Matthews, & Dagher, G. K. (2007). Need for achievement, business goals, and entrepreneurial persistence. Management Research News, 30(12), 928-941.
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 595-618.
Zeffane, R. (2013). Need for achievement, personality and entrepreneurial potential: A study of young adults in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 21(01), 75-105.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259-271.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381-404.
Acosta, P. B., Lozano-Oyola, M., & Sanchez-Serrano, J. L. S. (2018). Entrepreneurship and Social Work: a comparison between Social Work students and graduates. Ijeri-International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, (10), 91-107.
Acs, Z. J., Boardman, M. C., & McNeely, C. L. (2013). The social value of productive entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 40(3), 785-796. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9396-6
Anderson, A. R., Younis, S., Hashim, H., & Air, C. (2019). Social enterprising informing our concept; exploring informal micro social enterprise. Social Enterprise Journal, 15(1), 94-110. doi:10.1108/sej-04-2018-0034
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411- 423.
Antoncic, B., Bratkovic Kregar, T., Singh, G., & DeNoble, A. F. (2015). The big five personality–entrepreneurship relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 819-841.
Aure, P. A. H. (2018). Exploring the social entrepreneurial intentions of senior high school and college students in a Philippine University: A PLS-SEM Approach. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(2), 1-11.
Bacq, S., & Alt, E. (2018). Feeling capable and valued: A prosocial perspective on the link between empathy and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 333-350. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.01.004
Baierl, R., Grichnik, D., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2014). Antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions: The role of an individual's general social appraisal. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 123-145.
Bazkiaei, H. A., Heng, L. H., Khan, N. U., Saufi, R. B. A., & Kasim, R. S. R. (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students?. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1801217.
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 222-230.
Chen, S., Su, X., & Wu, S. (2012). Need for achievement, education, and entrepreneurial risk-taking behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(8), 1311-1318.
Chipeta, E. M., & Surujlal, J. (2017). Influence of attitude, risk taking propensity and proactive personality on social entrepreneurship intentions. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 15(2), 27-36.
Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Stokes, G. S. (2004). The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage?. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 465-483.
Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343-359.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Holland, J. L. (1984). Personality and vocational interests in an adult sample. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 390.
Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42-49.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1990). Organizational growth: Linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among US semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly, 504-529.
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind–An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of Planned Behaviour. [DBA thesis]. University of Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Grohs, S., Schneiders, K., & Heinze, R. G. (2017). Outsiders and Intrapreneurs: The Institutional Embeddedness of Social Entrepreneurship in Germany. Voluntas, 28(6), 2569-2591. doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9777-1
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles, California, US: Sage publications.
Hansemark, O. C. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 4(1), 28-50.
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130. doi:10.1111/etap.12171
Hsu, C.-Y., & Wang, S.-M. (2018). Social entrepreneurial intentions and its influential factors: A comparison of students in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1-11.
Ip, C. Y., Wu, S.-C., Liu, H.-C., & Liang, C. (2018). Social entrepreneurial intentions of students from Hong Kong. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(1), 47-64.
İrengün, O., & Arıkboğa, Ş. (2015). The effect of personality traits on social entrepreneurship intentions: a field research. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1186-1195.
Kedmenec, I., Rebernik, M., & Peric, J. (2015). The impact of individual characteristics on intentions to pursue social entrepreneurship. Ekonomski Pregled, 66(2), 119-137.
Kedmenec, I., Rebernik, M., & Perić, J. (2015). The Impact of Individual Characteristics on Intentions to Pursue Social Entrepreneurship. Ekonomski Pregled, 66(2), 119-137.
Kreiser, P. M., & Davis, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The unique impact of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 39-51.
Kreiser, P. M., Patel, P. C., & Fiet, J. O. (2013). The Influence of Changes in Social Capital on Firm–Founding Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 539-567.
Liang, C., Chang, C.-C., & Hsu, Y. (2013). Personality and psychological factors predict imagination: Evidence from Taiwan. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 67-74.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
Llewellyn, D. J., & Wilson, K. M. (2003). The Controversial Role of Personality Traits in Entrepreneurial Psychology. Education & Training, 45(6), 341-345.
Locke, E. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 408-429.
Luc, P. T. (2020). The influence of personality traits on social entrepreneurial intention among owners of civil society organisations in Vietnam. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 40(3), 291-308.
Maak, T., & Stoetter, N. (2012). Social Entrepreneurs as Responsible Leaders: 'Fundacin Paraguaya' and the Case of Martin Burt. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 413-430. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1417-0
Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Gordon, J. (2013). Social innovation, social entrepreneurship and the practice of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy. International Small Business Journal, 31(7), 747-763. doi:10.1177/0266242612443376
Mair, & Noboa. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Murugesan, R., & Jayavelu, R. (2017). The influence of big five personality traits and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention: The role of gender. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 3(1), 41-61.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
Politis, K., Ketikidis, P., Diamantidis, A. D., & Lazuras, L. (2016). An investigation of social entrepreneurial intentions formation among South-East European postgraduate students. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1120-1141.
Preethi, C., & Priyadarshini, R. (2018). The Intention towards Social Entrepreneurship among Students and its link with Big 5 Model. Paper presented at the The 3rd International Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2018, Tamilnadu, India.
Prieto, L. C. (2011). The influence of proactive personality on social entrepreneurial intentions among African American and Hispanic undergraduate students: The moderating role of hope. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(2), 77-96.
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385.
Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68-74.
Şahin, F., Karadağ, H., & Tuncer, B. (2019). Big five personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(6), 1188-1211.
Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K. G. (2012). Development and validation of a locus of control scale for the entrepreneurship domain. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 713-726.
Shane, S., & Cable, D. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48(3), 364-381.
Takmashva, I. V., & Bogomolova, L. L. (2018). Social entrepreneurship in northern Russia: new opportunities for development. Amazonia Investiga, 7(17), 253-260.
Tan Luc, P., Xuan Lan, P., Nhat Hanh Le, A., & Thanh Trang, B. (2020). A Co-Citation and Co-Word Analysis of Social Entrepreneurship Research. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-16.
Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Validation Study. In M. J. Manimala & P. Thomas (Eds.), Entrepreneurship Education: Experiments with Curriculum, Pedagogy and Target Groups (1st ed., pp. 171-188). Singapore: Springer.
Tran, A. T., Tran, A. T., Von Korflesch, H., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17-38.
Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559.
Van Gelderen, M., & Jansen, P. (2006). Autonomy as a start-up motive. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 23-32.
Wu, S., Matthews, & Dagher, G. K. (2007). Need for achievement, business goals, and entrepreneurial persistence. Management Research News, 30(12), 928-941.
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 595-618.
Zeffane, R. (2013). Need for achievement, personality and entrepreneurial potential: A study of young adults in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 21(01), 75-105.
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259-271.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381-404.